Global Astaxanthin
Market Report
2025
Astaxanthin market size is USD 598.9 million in 2024 and will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.3% from 2024 to 2031.
The base year for the calculation is 2024. The historical will be 2021 to 2024. The year 2025 will be estimated one while the forecasted data will be from year 2025 to 2033. When we deliver the report that time we updated report data till the purchase date.
PDF Access: Password protected PDF file, Excel File Access: Quantitative data, PPT Report Access: For the presentation purpose, Cloud Access: Secure Company Account Access.
Share your contact details to receive free updated sample copy/pages of the recently published edition of Astaxanthin Market Report 2025.
According to Cognitive Market Research, the global astaxanthin market size is USD 598.9 million in 2024 and will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.3% from 2024 to 2031.
2021 | 2025 | 2033 | CAGR | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Global Astaxanthin Market Sales Revenue | 121212 | 121212 | 121212 | 8.3% |
Base Year | 2024 |
Historical Data Time Period | 2021-2024 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Market Split by Source |
|
Market Split by Form |
|
Market Split by Method of Production |
|
Market Split by Application |
|
List of Competitors |
|
Regional Analysis |
|
Country Analysis |
|
Report scope is customizable as we have a huge database of Astaxanthin industry. We can deliver an exclusive report Edition/Consultation as per your data requirements. Request for your Free Sample Pages.
Astaxanthin Market is Segmented as below. Particular segment of your interest can be provided without any additional cost. Download the Sample Pages!
Astaxanthin is a carotenoid that occurs naturally and is related to beta-carotene and lycopene. It is responsible for the characteristic reddish-pink coloration of numerous marine organisms, such as microalgae, shrimp, salmon, and lobster. The primary factor driving the market forward is that the cosmetics sector is seeing increased demand for anti-aging and skin health products as more people learn about the health benefits of astaxanthin, which include its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capabilities, which are supporting the market growth. In addition, agricultural and extractive techniques have progressed technologically and provide opportunities to key market players. The presence of groups that raise awareness about the many uses for these products is also likely to fuel their market expansion. In addition, the implementation of cutting-edge technology to enhance astaxanthin production is anticipated to stimulate market expansion.
Rising health and wellness concepts- One of the main factors of growing market growth is that consumers are becoming more and more aware of the health advantages of astaxanthin. They can find it in dietary supplements that aim to improve your immune system, skin, and eyes. The anti-aging and skin-health effects of astaxanthin have led to its increased usage in cosmetics and skincare products. The need for all-natural food dyes is on the rise in the food and drink sector, which is a key factor propelling the astaxanthin market.
There has been a slow uptake of astaxanthin in certain markets due to the fact that many customers are still ignorant of the supplement and its advantages, even if interest in natural health products is on the rise. There has been slow market expansion due to significantly higher production expenses associated with natural resources.
We have various report editions of Astaxanthin Market, hence please contact our sales team and author directly to obtain/purchase a desired Edition eg, Global Edition, Regional Edition, Country Specific Report Edition, Company Profiles, Forecast Edition, etc. Request for your Free Sample PDF/Online Access.
Algatech Ltd, MicroA, Cyanotech Corporation, Algalíf Iceland ehf, Beijing Gingko Group (BGG) are the key players in the Astaxanthin Market.
Algatech Ltd is a distinguished biotechnology organization specializing in the manufacturing of astaxanthin, an effective carotenoid recognized for its antioxidant homes. The share of this company for this market is 20%. Founded in 1998 and based in Israel, Algatech has a specialty in sustainable and green practices, utilizing microalgae as a primary source for astaxanthin extraction. The organization operates the latest facility that employs innovative cultivation and extraction techniques to make sure extremely good product offerings. Algatech's astaxanthin is marketed for various programs, which include dietary supplements, cosmetics, and useful ingredients, catering to the growing call for natural health products. The organization emphasizes rigorous, satisfactory management and adherence to international requirements, enabling it to maintain a sturdy recognition within the global market. In addition to its middle astaxanthin merchandise, Algatech is devoted to analyze and development, exploring new packages and formulations to fulfill evolving client desires. The business enterprise's strategic partnerships and collaborations with instructional institutions further beautify its innovation capabilities. As a pacesetter within the astaxanthin enterprise, Algatech Ltd is properly located to capitalize on the increasing interest in natural antioxidants and health-selling elements, driving growth in each domestic and worldwide market. .Algatech Ltd. was certified by the National Organic Program (NOP) for its astaxanthin, which is generated from algaey.
MicroA is a biotechnology enterprise targeted at the improvement and commercialization of excellent microalgae-primarily based products, such as astaxanthin. The share of this company for this market is 19%. Founded with the project to harness the health benefits of microalgae, MicroA emphasizes sustainable cultivation practices and modern extraction strategies to supply natural antioxidants that meet purchaser calls for easy and effective dietary supplements. Headquartered in [Location], the organization operates superior centers prepared with cutting-edge era to make certain foremost increase and processing of its microalgal strains. MicroA's astaxanthin products cater to numerous markets, which include nutritional supplements, cosmetics, and practical meals, capitalizing on the developing attention of fitness and wellbeing. MicroA is devoted to rigorous warranty and regulatory compliance, making sure that its merchandise adheres to the highest enterprise requirements. The enterprise also invests in studies and development to explore new programs and enhance the efficacy of its offerings. By specializing in sustainability, quality, and innovation, MicroA pursuits to set up itself as a key participant within the microalgae market, contributing to the developing trend in the direction of herbal fitness answers worldwide.
Cyanotech Corporation is a main biotechnology corporation specializing in the cultivation and manufacturing of high-cost microalgae-based merchandise, particularly astaxanthin and spirulina. The share of this company for this market is 12%. Founded in 1983 and established in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii, Cyanotech is recognized for its commitment to sustainable practices and environmental stewardship, making use of solar energy and natural assets to cultivate its microalgae in open ponds. The company's flagship product, BioAstin® astaxanthin, is renowned for its powerful antioxidant homes and is marketed for various programs, which include dietary supplements, cosmetics, and animal nutrients. Cyanotech adheres to rigorous first-class control requirements, making sure that its products meet the very best safety and efficacy necessities. Cyanotech also emphasizes studies and development, constantly exploring new programs and formulations to expand its product services. The enterprise has mounted strong partnerships within the fitness and wellbeing region, contributing to the growing call for herbal and purposeful substances. With a focus on innovation, first-class, and sustainability, Cyanotech Corporation is nicely located to thrive inside the aggressive microalgae marketplace, catering to an increasingly health-conscious customer base seeking herbal options for wellbeing and vitality.
Algalíf Iceland ehf is a prominent biotechnology business enterprise based totally in Iceland, specializing in the sustainable production of superb microalgae products, specifically astaxanthin. The share of this company for this market is 9%. Established with an imaginative and prescient to leverage Iceland's specific herbal assets, Algalíf focuses on green cultivation methods that harness geothermal energy and natural, easy water from glacial assets. The organization's flagship product, Algalíf Astaxanthin, is diagnosed for its effective antioxidant residences and is widely utilized in nutritional dietary supplements, cosmetics, and aquaculture. Algalíf prides itself on adhering to stringent excellent standards, making sure that its merchandise is safe and powerful for clients. Research and development play an important position at Algalíf, as the business enterprise continuously explores revolutionary programs for its microalgae-derived elements. Collaborations with instructional establishments and industry partners similarly decorate its capacity for innovation and product development. With a dedication to sustainability and fitness, Algalíf Iceland ehf is located to meet the developing demand for natural and functional ingredients inside the international marketplace, contributing to fitness and wellbeing developments that prioritize smooth and environmentally accountable merchandise.
Beijing Gingko Group (BGG) is a main biotechnology business enterprise based totally in China, specializing in the research, development, and manufacturing of superb herbal substances consisting of astaxanthin derived from microalgae. The share of this company for this market is 11%. Founded in 1995, BGG has set up itself as a key participant in the fitness and wellbeing industry, focusing on sustainable practices and modern technology. BGG's flagship product, BioAstin® astaxanthin, is widely diagnosed for its outstanding antioxidant homes and is utilized across various sectors, including nutritional dietary supplements, cosmetics, and purposeful ingredients. The enterprise prioritizes rigorous control measures and adheres to global regulatory requirements to ensure the safety and efficacy of its products. With a sturdy emphasis on research and improvement, BGG always invests in progressive extraction methods and product formulations to beautify the functionality and bioavailability of its services. The organization additionally engages in strategic partnerships to make its market presence globally. Through its dedication to fine, sustainability, and innovation, Beijing Gingko Group is properly located to fulfill the increasing call for natural fitness answers and to make contributions to the growing trend of preventive fitness care internationally. In order to maximize its production capacity, BGG announced in April 2022 the second extension of the pristine region's astaxanthin farm capacity in the previous two years. These kinds of initiatives are helping the market expand.
Increasing awareness approximately feed fine, and protection is a crucial thing that new entrants inside the astaxanthin marketplace must prioritize to take advantage of a competitive side. As customers end up extra discerning about the components in animal feed, specifically in aquaculture and farm animal production, the call for top-notch herbal components like astaxanthin is surging. New gamers can capitalize on this trend by means of ensuring that their astaxanthin merchandise meets stringent safety and pleasant requirements. By emphasizing the benefits of astaxanthin in improving feed excellence—along with enhancing increase quotes, promoting colorful pigmentation in fish and roosters, and supporting common animal fitness—entrants can correctly roll their offerings within the marketplace. Additionally, transparency in sourcing and manufacturing processes is vital. Implementing sustainable cultivation practices and supplying clear statistics approximately the beginning and blessings in their astaxanthin can construct agreements with purchasers and feed producers alike. Engaging in partnerships with study establishments to validate the efficacy of their merchandise can, in addition, beautify credibility. By specializing in first-rate and safety, new entrants can successfully navigate the aggressive landscape of the astaxanthin market and meet the evolving needs of both manufacturers and customers.
Top Companies Market Share in Astaxanthin Industry: (In no particular order of Rank)
If any Company(ies) of your interest has/have not been disclosed in the above list then please let us know the same so that we will check the data availability in our database and provide you the confirmation or include it in the final deliverables.
According to Cognitive Market Research, North America dominated the market in 2024 and accounted for around 40% of the global revenue. North America emerges as the dominant region in the astaxanthin market because the one major element propelling demand is the increasing number of nutrition-related illnesses in the region, as well as the fact that people there are gravitating toward products with natural rather than synthetic chemicals. Additionally, the North American market is being propelled by a well-established cosmetic industry, which is improving the financing situation for studies on astaxanthin technology, a significant number of health-conscious customers, and the rising acceptance of nutritional supplements.
Asia-Pacific stands out as the fastest-growing region in the astaxanthin market due to a number of factors, including rising regional output, rising research and development expenditure, and expanding economies. In addition, increases in organic product understanding, rising disposable income, and the rate of urbanization are all factors that could drive growth in this region’s industry.
The current report Scope analyzes Astaxanthin Market on 5 major region Split (In case you wish to acquire a specific region edition (more granular data) or any country Edition data then please write us on info@cognitivemarketresearch.com
The above graph is for illustrative purposes only.
To learn more about geographical trends request the free sample pages.
Get Free Sample
Global Astaxanthin Market Report 2025 Edition talks about crucial market insights with the help of segments and sub-segments analysis. In this section, we reveal an in-depth analysis of the key factors influencing Astaxanthin Industry growth. Astaxanthin market has been segmented with the help of its Source, Form Method of Production, and others. Astaxanthin market analysis helps to understand key industry segments, and their global, regional, and country-level insights. Furthermore, this analysis also provides information pertaining to segments that are going to be most lucrative in the near future and their expected growth rate and future market opportunities. The report also provides detailed insights into factors responsible for the positive or negative growth of each industry segment.
The Astaxanthin industries are comprised of several key segments, each with its own distinct scope and opportunities. Traditional construction continues to focus on well-established building methods for residential, commercial, and infrastructure projects. This segment remains crucial in areas where conventional construction techniques are preferred, though it faces rising competition from more innovative methods. The modular construction segment, on the other hand, is rapidly expanding, providing quicker and more cost-efficient building solutions through pre-fabricated components, particularly in large-scale residential and commercial developments. Smart buildings, which incorporate technologies like IoT and energy-efficient systems, address the growing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly infrastructure, offering companies a competitive advantage as they adopt these cutting-edge solutions. The customized manufacturing segment, driven by technologies like AI, 3D printing, and robotics, allows for on-demand and personalized production, meeting consumer demand for tailored products while enhancing efficiency and flexibility in manufacturing processes. Each of these segments presents unique growth opportunities, influenced by technological advancements, evolving market demands, and regional dynamics. (To explore further, request a sample or connect with our sales team for tailored information)
Source of Astaxanthin analyzed in this report are as follows:
The above Chart is for representative purposes and does not depict actual sale statistics. Access/Request the quantitative data to understand the trends and dominating segment of Astaxanthin Industry. Request a Free Sample PDF!
The Astaxanthin industries can also be categorized by Form, each offering unique scopes and opportunities. In residential construction, the increasing demand for affordable housing drives industry growth, with modular and sustainable building techniques providing faster and more cost-efficient alternatives. In commercial infrastructure, the focus is on office buildings, retail centers, and public facilities, where smart building technologies and energy-efficient designs are becoming essential to meet environmental standards and improve operational efficiency. In industrial manufacturing, there is a rising need for automation, robotics, and AI to optimize production processes, enhance precision, and meet the growing demand for customized products. The sustainable construction application emphasizes the use of eco-friendly materials, energy-efficient systems, and achieving green building certifications, aligning with the increasing demand for environmentally conscious construction methods. Each Form provides specific opportunities, with factors like technological advancements, regulatory changes, and sustainability goals shaping the competitive landscape within these sectors. (Get in touch with our sales team for a detailed overview, or request a sample to dive deeper)
Some of the key Form of Astaxanthin are:
The above Graph is for representation purposes only. This chart does not depict actual Market share.
To learn more about market share request the free sample pages.
Get Free Sample
According to cognitive market research, cosmetics in the astaxanthin market are the dominant category because astaxanthin offers powerful antioxidant capabilities that can shield skin cells from environmental aggressors, free radicals, and ultraviolet radiation. Astaxanthin increases skin firmness by promoting collagen synthesis, which in turn increases skin elasticity. Additionally, it keeps the moisture barrier in place, which makes the skin more hydrated. Because of its mild and natural composition, astaxanthin is an excellent ingredient for sensitive skin care products because it soothes and protects without irritating the skin.
Senior Research Analyst at Cognitive Market Research
Ankita Sharma is a passionate and detail-driven market research professional with over 2.5 years of experience in qualitative research. With a sharp focus on client query handling and competitive intelligence, she has successfully led and delivered impactful research projects across diverse industry verticals. At the core of Ankita’s work is her ability to transform complex market data into actionable insights. She has spearheaded market intelligence initiatives by analyzing trends, evaluating competitor strategies, and mapping evolving market dynamics using a range of industry tools. Her approach combines precision with adaptability ensuring research outcomes are tailored to client-specific needs and strategic goals.
Ankita is also skilled in secondary research and product benchmarking, offering a holistic view of competitive landscapes. Her collaborative spirit and cross-functional coordination have helped refine research methodologies and maintain the highest quality standards in deliverables. Ankita’s commitment to excellence and client success makes her a valuable asset in the evolving world of market intelligence and business strategy.
Ankita Sharma is a passionate and detail-driven market research professional with over 2.5 years of experience in qualitative research. With a sharp focus on client query handling and competitive intelligence, she has successfully led and delivered impactful research projects across diverse industry verticals. At the core of Ankita’s work is her ability to transform complex market data into actionable insights. She has spearheaded market intelligence initiatives by analyzing trends, evaluating competitor strategies, and mapping evolving market dynamics using a range of industry tools. Her approach combines precision with adaptability ensuring research outcomes are tailored to client-specific needs and strategic goals.
Ankita is also skilled in secondary research and product benchmarking, offering a holistic view of competitive landscapes. Her collaborative spirit and cross-functional coordination have helped refine research methodologies and maintain the highest quality standards in deliverables. Ankita’s commitment to excellence and client success makes her a valuable asset in the evolving world of market intelligence and business strategy.
Our study will explain complete manufacturing process along with major raw materials required to manufacture end-product. This report helps to make effective decisions determining product position and will assist you to understand opportunities and threats around the globe.
The Global Astaxanthin Market is witnessing significant growth in the near future.
In 2023, the Natural segment accounted for noticeable share of global Astaxanthin Market and is projected to experience significant growth in the near future.
The Dry segment is expected to expand at the significant CAGR retaining position throughout the forecast period.
Some of the key companies Koninklijke DSM N V (the Netherlands) , Cyanotech Corporation (US) and others are focusing on its strategy building model to strengthen its product portfolio and expand its business in the global market.
Please note, we have not disclose, all the sources consulted/referred during a market study due to confidentiality and paid service concern. However, rest assured that upon purchasing the service or paid report version, we will release the comprehensive list of sources along with the complete report and we also provide the data support where you can intract with the team of analysts who worked on the report.
The market for Astaxanthin is being propelled by the due to increasing use in various industries, including aquaculture, animal feed, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food and beverages, among others. According to Cognitive Market Research, it is valued at USD 2514.2 million in 2023; the market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 18.00%, reaching USD 9450.52 million by 2032.
https://www.epa.gov/regulatory-information-sector/construction-sector-naics-23
https://www.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Engineering-and-Construction/
https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/industry/building-and-construction
https://business.gov.au/planning/industry-information/construction-industry
https://www.usitc.gov/research_and_analysis/tradeshifts/2021/footwear
Disclaimer:
Source | Natural, Plants, Yeast & microbes, Marine animals, Synthetic (Petroleum) |
Form | Dry, Liquid |
Method of Production | Microalgae Cultivation, Fermentation, Extraction, Chemical Synthesis |
Application | Feed, Dietary supplements, Food & beverages, Cosmetics |
List of Competitors | Koninklijke DSM N V (the Netherlands), BASF SE (Germany), Cyanotech Corporation (US), Otsuka Holdings Co Ltd. (Japan), Divi’s Laboratories Ltd (India), Valensa International (US), Fuji Chemical Industries Co Ltd (Japan), Beijing Gingko Group (China), Cardax Inc (Denmark), Piveg Inc (US), Fenchem Biotek Ltd (China), Algatech Ltd (Israel), Supreme Biotechnologies (New Zealand), Igene Biotechnology Inc (US), Algamo (Czech Republic), Biogenic Co Ltd (Japan), Astamaz NZ Ltd (New Zealand), Algalif (Iceland), Algae to Omega (US), Algae Health Sciences (US) |
This chapter will help you gain GLOBAL Market Analysis of Astaxanthin. Further deep in this chapter, you will be able to review Global Astaxanthin Market Split by various segments and Geographical Split.
Chapter 1 Global Market Analysis
Global Market has been segmented on the basis 5 major regions such as North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East & Africa, and Latin America.
You can purchase only the Executive Summary of Global Market (2019 vs 2024 vs 2031)
Global Market Dynamics, Trends, Drivers, Restraints, Opportunities, Only Pointers will be deliverable
This chapter will help you gain North America Market Analysis of Astaxanthin. Further deep in this chapter, you will be able to review North America Astaxanthin Market Split by various segments and Country Split.
Chapter 2 North America Market Analysis
This chapter will help you gain Europe Market Analysis of Astaxanthin. Further deep in this chapter, you will be able to review Europe Astaxanthin Market Split by various segments and Country Split.
Chapter 3 Europe Market Analysis
This chapter will help you gain Asia Pacific Market Analysis of Astaxanthin. Further deep in this chapter, you will be able to review Asia Pacific Astaxanthin Market Split by various segments and Country Split.
Chapter 4 Asia Pacific Market Analysis
This chapter will help you gain South America Market Analysis of Astaxanthin. Further deep in this chapter, you will be able to review South America Astaxanthin Market Split by various segments and Country Split.
Chapter 5 South America Market Analysis
This chapter will help you gain Middle East Market Analysis of Astaxanthin. Further deep in this chapter, you will be able to review Middle East Astaxanthin Market Split by various segments and Country Split.
Chapter 6 Middle East Market Analysis
This chapter will help you gain Middle East Market Analysis of Astaxanthin. Further deep in this chapter, you will be able to review Middle East Astaxanthin Market Split by various segments and Country Split.
Chapter 7 Africa Market Analysis
This chapter provides an in-depth analysis of the market share among key competitors of Astaxanthin. The analysis highlights each competitor's position in the market, growth trends, and financial performance, offering insights into competitive dynamics, and emerging players.
Chapter 8 Competitor Analysis (Subject to Data Availability (Private Players))
(Subject to Data Availability (Private Players))
Data Subject to Availability as we consider Top competitors and their market share will be delivered.
Data Subject to Availability as we consider Top competitors and their market share will be delivered.
Data Subject to Availability as we consider Top competitors and their market share will be delivered.
Data Subject to Availability as we consider Top competitors and their market share will be delivered.
Data Subject to Availability as we consider Top competitors and their market share will be delivered.
Data Subject to Availability as we consider Top competitors and their market share will be delivered.
Data Subject to Availability as we consider Top competitors and their market share will be delivered.
Data Subject to Availability as we consider Top competitors and their market share will be delivered.
Data Subject to Availability as we consider Top competitors and their market share will be delivered.
Data Subject to Availability as we consider Top competitors and their market share will be delivered.
Data Subject to Availability as we consider Top competitors and their market share will be delivered.
Data Subject to Availability as we consider Top competitors and their market share will be delivered.
Data Subject to Availability as we consider Top competitors and their market share will be delivered.
Data Subject to Availability as we consider Top competitors and their market share will be delivered.
Data Subject to Availability as we consider Top competitors and their market share will be delivered.
Data Subject to Availability as we consider Top competitors and their market share will be delivered.
Data Subject to Availability as we consider Top competitors and their market share will be delivered.
Data Subject to Availability as we consider Top competitors and their market share will be delivered.
Data Subject to Availability as we consider Top competitors and their market share will be delivered.
Data Subject to Availability as we consider Top competitors and their market share will be delivered.
This chapter would comprehensively cover market drivers, trends, restraints, opportunities, and various in-depth analyses like industrial chain, PESTEL, Porter’s Five Forces, and ESG, among others. It would also include product life cycle, technological advancements, and patent insights.
Chapter 9 Qualitative Analysis (Subject to Data Availability)
Segmentation Source Analysis 2019 -2031, will provide market size split by Source. This Information is provided at Global Level, Regional Level and Top Countries Level The report with the segmentation perspective mentioned under this chapters will be delivered to you On Demand. So please let us know if you would like to receive this additional data as well. No additional cost will be applicable for the same.
Chapter 10 Market Split by Source Analysis 2021 - 2033
The report with the segmentation perspective mentioned under this chapters will be delivered to you On Demand. So please let us know if you would like to receive this additional data as well. No additional cost will be applicable for the same.
Chapter 11 Market Split by Form Analysis 2021 - 2033
The report with the segmentation perspective mentioned under this chapters will be delivered to you On Demand. So please let us know if you would like to receive this additional data as well. No additional cost will be applicable for the same.
Chapter 12 Market Split by Method of Production Analysis 2021 - 2033
The report with the segmentation perspective mentioned under this chapters will be delivered to you On Demand. So please let us know if you would like to receive this additional data as well. No additional cost will be applicable for the same.
Chapter 13 Market Split by Application Analysis 2021 - 2033
This chapter helps you understand the Key Takeaways and Analyst Point of View of the global Astaxanthin market
Chapter 14 Research Findings
Here the analyst will summarize the content of entire report and will share his view point on the current industry scenario and how the market is expected to perform in the near future. The points shared by the analyst are based on his/her detailed in-depth understanding of the market during the course of this report study. You will be provided exclusive rights to interact with the concerned analyst for unlimited time pre purchase as well as post purchase of the report.
Chapter 15 Research Methodology and Sources
Why Natural have a significant impact on Astaxanthin market? |
What are the key factors affecting the Natural and Plants of Astaxanthin Market? |
What is the CAGR/Growth Rate of Dry during the forecast period? |
By type, which segment accounted for largest share of the global Astaxanthin Market? |
Which region is expected to dominate the global Astaxanthin Market within the forecast period? |
Segmentation Level Customization |
|
Global level Data Customization |
|
Region level Data Customization |
|
Country level Data Customization |
|
Company Level |
|
Additional Data Analysis |
|
Additional Qualitative Data |
|
Additional Quantitative Data |
|
Service Level Customization |
|
Report Format Alteration |
|